Tobacco control remains a critical public health priority, requiring a balance between regulatory policies, harm reduction strategies, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate nicotine dependence and associated health risks. While traditional cigarette smoking rates have declined, the rise of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including vaping, has introduced new challenges for policymakers and healthcare professionals. Proponents argue that vaping serves as a harm reduction tool for smokers transitioning away from combustible tobacco, while opponents cite concerns over youth initiation, long-term health effects, and nicotine addiction. The effectiveness of tobacco control policies, including taxation, advertising restrictions, smoking bans, and flavor prohibitions, remains central to reducing smoking prevalence and preventing secondhand smoke and aerosol exposure. Legislative strategies such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), minimum legal sales age regulations, and restrictions on nicotine concentration levels play a crucial role in shaping the accessibility and use of tobacco and vaping products. However, enforcement disparities, industry influence, and loopholes in regulation hinder comprehensive control efforts. Additionally, secondhand exposure to both traditional tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosols poses ongoing public health concerns, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and non-smoking adults. This paper evaluates global and national policy approaches to tobacco control, assessing their effectiveness in reducing nicotine dependence, preventing youth uptake, and minimizing secondhand exposure risks. By analyzing the intersection of public health, legislation, and harm reduction, this study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for future regulatory frameworks that balance harm reduction with public safety.