Nutritional deficiencies remain a significant global health challenge, exacerbated by growing food insecurity driven by climate change, economic instability, and geopolitical conflicts. As food supply chains become increasingly vulnerable, malnutrition rates rise, particularly in low-income and conflict-affected regions. This paper explores innovative strategies to combat nutritional deficiencies in the face of escalating food insecurity, emphasizing sustainable, scalable, and technologically driven solutions. Advancements in biofortification have introduced nutrient-dense staple crops, such as vitamin A-enriched sweet potatoes and iron-fortified beans, offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach to improving dietary intake in resource-limited settings. Simultaneously, alternative protein sources, including plant-based proteins, lab-grown meats, and insect-based nutrition, present viable solutions to combat protein-energy malnutrition while reducing environmental burdens. Precision agriculture and AI-driven food distribution systems are emerging as transformative tools for optimizing resource allocation, reducing post-harvest losses, and ensuring equitable access to essential nutrients. Furthermore, functional foods and nutraceuticals, enriched with essential vitamins and minerals, are gaining traction as preventive measures against micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in urban populations. Beyond technological interventions, policy-driven solutions, including targeted food subsidy programs, public-private partnerships, and educational initiatives, play a critical role in addressing the socio-economic dimensions of food insecurity. The integration of these innovative strategies within global and regional frameworks is essential to building resilient food systems capable of mitigating nutritional deficiencies amidst crises. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of these novel approaches, outlining pathways for sustainable implementation to enhance global food security and nutritional equity.