The COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented global challenge to public health systems, exposing vulnerabilities in health supply chains worldwide. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where health systems often grapple with infrastructural limitations, resource constraints, and dependency on international suppliers, the pandemic significantly tested the resilience of public health supply chains. This study evaluates the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on the supply chains responsible for delivering essential health commodities including personal protective equipment (PPE), vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics across SSA. Adopting a systems-based resilience framework, the study examines four core dimensions: robustness, adaptability, responsiveness, and recovery capacity. It contextualizes the structural challenges pre-dating COVID-19, such as inadequate cold chain infrastructure, weak last-mile distribution, and underdeveloped data systems, and analyzes how these factors were exacerbated during the crisis. Drawing on data from public health agencies, WHO reports, regional logistics case studies, and interviews with supply chain stakeholders in countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa, this paper highlights both systemic failures and successful mitigation strategies. Key findings reveal that localized manufacturing, regional procurement hubs, and the use of digital health tools significantly enhanced resilience. Conversely, overdependence on donor supply chains, limited supply chain visibility, and political interference undermined response effectiveness. The analysis underscores the need for regional cooperation, investment in digital infrastructure, and capacity-building to fortify supply chains against future disruptions. The study concludes with a set of policy recommendations for enhancing resilience through integrated risk management and adaptive logistics systems tailored to SSA’s unique context.